DREDGE

The quests of this game won't give you enough research parts to finish all of these.
The Travelling Merchant will sell parts from time to time though. Dock to one of the pontoons and check if there are any at the shipyard.
The inventory restocks every day so now you have to sleep till the next morning and check again.

Awarded for dodging the "Gleaming Goliath" insanity effect. This is one of the possible Insanity effects that show up while sailing on oil puddles in the Iron Rig DLC - it looks like a black oil monster with many eyes and a gaping maw (similar to the achievement icon), which will usually spawn behind the ship once you are at above 50% insanity (eye icon becomes twitchy and red).

The Goliath will usually make a wailing sound and then lunge forward towards the ship - to unlock this achievement you'll need to dodge out of the way of its lunge until it despawns (the Haste power is useful for a sudden burst of speed).

To catch any of the exotic aberrations, you'll first need to unlock the Iron Rig's tier 4 Factory; once done, you'll be able to buy Exotic Bait by trading in 1x Mixed Bait and 1x Dark Canister (which you can collect by using the Siphon trawl attachment while sailing through oil fields), as well as $700.

Dropping the Exotic Bait in any of the locations that Exotic fish could be found (easiest one is where the Oarfish spawns, behind the waterfall in Gale Cliffs) will cause the exotic fishing spot to respawn; using the Atrophy power near the spot will give a high (if not guaranteed) chance of getting the aberration version of that fish.

For fish #230 (???/Deep Form) you can craft one aberrated bait and unequip all rods other than an ocean rod, then save at the dock of the rig.
Undock → Cast abberation bait → Atrophy ability → Quit to menu and continue from last save until you get it.
Note that this fish has a chance of about 5%, cannot be sold, never decays, and can only be caught after completing the Strange Specimens pursuit for the Scientist.